Heavy metal pollution of soils has increased significantly in the last years owing to anthropic action. Several techniques can be used to revert or to minimize soil contamination, although many of these techniques are harmful to the soil. An alternative is to use a new technique, called phytoremediation, based on the ability of plants to take up elements from soils with excessive high levels of metals or of other potentially toxic elements and thus contribute to soil decontamination. The inoculation […]

The polymer tensiometer is a newly developed instrument to measure soil water pressure heads from saturation conditions to drier than the permanent wilting point. In this note we describe how the hydraulic properties of disturbed soil samples were determined in laboratory evaporation experiments with these polymer tensiometers. Soil material from the surface layer of an Ultisol was used. The relation among hydraulic conductivity, water content and pressure heads in the range from -1 to -150 m could be determined using […]

Carbon and N stocks in soils are determined by the balance between addition and losses, and tillage and cropping systems are decisive in this process. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of soil management systems based on tillage, cover crops and P fertilization on C and N stocks in physical fractions of the soil organic matter and on microbial biomass and respiration in a soil after 11 years under soybean-maize rotation. The experiment was initiated in 1999 in an […]

The introduction and intensification of no-tillage systems in Brazilian agriculture in recent decades have created a new scenario, increasing concerns about soil physical properties. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different tillage systems on some physical properties of an Ultisol previously under native grassland. Five tillage methods were tested: no-tillage (NT), chiseling (Ch), no-tillage with chiseling every two years (NTCh2), chiseling using an equipment with a clod-breaking roller (ChR) and chiseling followed by disking (ChD). […]

Tillage systems should create adequate conditions for plant development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the density, porosity and penetration resistance of a Yellow Ultisol in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil after tilling with four agricultural implements (chisel, tandem disc harrow, offset disc harrow with 0.56 m discs, offset disc harrow with 0.61 m discs) in one, two and three operations, using an area without tillage as control. Data of soil bulk density and porosity were analyzed […]

Rhizoctonia-like fungi are the main mycorrhizal fungi in orchid roots. Morphological characterization and analysis of conserved sequences of genomic DNA are frequently employed in the identification and study of fungi diversity. However, phytopathogenic Rhizoctonia-like fungi have been reliably and accurately characterized and identified through the examination of the fatty acid composition. To evaluate the efficacy of fatty acid composition in characterizing and identifying Rhizoctonia-like mycorrhizal fungi in orchids, three Epulorhiza spp. mycorrhizal fungi from Epidendrum secundum, two unidentified fungi isolated […]

Density fractionation is an important tool to determine the physical protection of organic matter within soil aggregates, but results may be affected by the mesh size used to sieve soil samples. The hypothesis of this study is that in comparison to 9.5 mm sieve, sieving through 2 mm mesh results in excessive soil disaggregation by releasing organic matter originally protected within aggregates and consequently leads to underestimations of the carbon content in the occluded light fraction (OLF-C) and of the […]

Wastewater application to soil is an alternative for fertilization and water reuse. However, particular care must be taken with this practice, since successive wastewater applications can cause soil salinization. Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) allows for the simultaneous and continuous monitoring of both soil water content and apparent electrical conductivity and thus for the indirect measurement of the electrical conductivity of the soil solution. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of TDR for the indirect determination of the electrical conductivity (ECse) […]

Soil β-glucosidase participates in the final step of cellulose biodegradation. It is significant in the soil C cycle and is used as an indicator of the biological fertility of soil. However, the response of its kinetic parameters to environmental temperature and moisture regimes is not well understood. This study tested the β-glucosidase response in the main agricultural soils (black soil, albic soil, brown soil, and cinnamon soil) of Northeast China. Incubation tests were conducted to measure the kinetic parameters Km, […]

Different management systems affect soil C, however decreases in the C stocks of native Cerrado areas converted to pasture have been reported. This calls for further research on this trend, under different management systems and soil-climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil aggregation, C levels and natural abundance of δ13C in a 20 year-old pasture (PA), following nine years of cropping, with signs of degradation compared to soil under native Cerrado (CE) in an adjacent area. […]