Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo.2008;32(6):2331-42.
Ammonia volatilization, leaching of nitrogen and corn yield in response to the application of mix of urea and ammonium sulphate or gypsum
01/Dec/2008
DOI: 10.1590/S0100-06832008000600012
The side-dressing fertilization of annual crops should consider S, beside N and K, in order to add protein value to the crop production. This work was carried out in the crop year 2004/2005, in the Farm Floresta do Lobo – Pinusplan, located at the km 93 of BR 050 highway, in the county of Uberlândia (MG). The experiment was installed in ácric Red Latossol typical Cerrado phase clayed (720 g kg-1), with the following objectives: to measure the losses by volatilization of NH3-N from some of the used mixtures at side-dressing in corn crop; to evaluate the distribution down to 60 cm deep, of mineral-N (NH4+-N and NO3–-N) and SO42--S after 37 and 51 days of the side-dressing; and evaluate the effect on the corn yield, of granulated mixtures with different particles sizes and N:S ratios, in relation to urea (U) and ammonium sulphate (AS) exclusives. Eleven treatments in randomized blocs design of N:S:K fertilizers were used in side-dressing, in the corn stage of 5-6 leaves, in the rate of 90 kg ha-1 of N, as exclusive U or AS, or mixtures of U+AS granulated (U+ASgr) and U+AS with different size particles (U+ASfa) and U+Gypsum granulated (U+Gypsumgr) and U+Gypsum powder (U+Gypsumpowder). The more significant gas losses of NH3-N were in decrecent order: U exclusive 76.8 % followed by U+ASgr 37,9 %; U+Gypsumgr 27.7 % and ASfa exclusive (7.8 %). The concentration of ammonium-N and nitrate-N after 37 days of the fertilizer application was similar to the control (without N), demonstrating that the N supplied by the fertilizers were assimilated by the crop, nitrified, leached and, or, adsorbed more deeply. The sulphate-S, at the superficial layer presented the lower concentration in all treatments, reducing its concentration in the layer of 0 to 10 cm, and the 37 to 51 days of the fertilizer applied. After 51 days of the mixtures application, the concentration of total mineral-N was more expressive in the layers of 20 and 40 cm deep, demonstrating the leaching of N from the superficial layers. In the treatments with exclusive application of U and AS this tendency was weaker. In general it had greater ratio of the nitrate-N that of ammonium-N in the total mineral-N in the analyzed layers. In relation to sulphate-S, was expressive increasing the concentration in deeper layers. In stage of flowering, the analysis of nutrients in the leaf opposite the spike showed no significant difference in the ratio N:S leaf, and, this relationship in the shoots of the plant. The highest yields were reached by the treatments of U+ASfa and U+Gypsumgr: 10.285 and 10.241 kg ha-1 of grains, respectively. The treatments with higher yields were the ones with U+ASfa or AS+Gypsumgr with the N:S ratios between 2,75 to 4,00. These results allow to conclude that the application of sulphur as side-dressing is necessary and it can be done by mixing U with AS or U and Gypsumgr, although this later one have presented significant higher NH3 losses.
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